Chemicals, road salt, bacteria, viruses, medications, fertilizer, and fuel can all cause groundwater contamination. Some common sources of contamination include: leaking storage tanks, the use of chemicals in farms, landfills, poorly controlled hazardous waste sites, and septic systems. Groundwater contamination can also occur when factories dump materials into surrounding waterways, and when polluted runoff from storm drains reaches the aquifer.

Hydrogeochemistry provides an overview of the major physico-chemical processes involved in water-rock reactions within the Earth's crust, understanding of which has important applications to understanding mineral deposits, oil & gas generation & migration and metamorphic processes.

Metal contamination is one of the most ubiquitous, persistent and complex environmental issues. Aquatic metal pollution is in highest risk due to its role in life.Pb, Cd, Zn and Arsenic are common metal water contaminant . :